Μάθημα : ΑΓΓΛΙΚΑ Β' ΓΥΜΝΑΣΙΟΥ
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Unit 4 Communication
from the look of someone - what we can tell according to someone's appearance
the look on his face - someone expresses some emotion and we can see it on his face
strange looking - unusual
have a new look - to change appearance by changing dress style
to look happy - to appear happy
to take a look - to check something by looking at it carefully
You look as if you have seen a ghost - you appear to be frightened
Future Simple
Will is an auxiliary verb. This means that:
- We use will + infinitive: I‘ll be (or will be) at home next Saturday.
- Will has a negative form: I won’t be (or will not be) at home next Saturday.
- We put will before the subject in questions: Will you be at home next Saturday?
- We use will in short answers: Yes, I will. / No, I won’t (or No, I will not).
Will – Use
We use will to talk about things that we think will happen in the future.
- He will love your new coat.
- They won’t win this match.
Note that it’s common to use will with the expressions I think, I don’t think, I hope, etc., or also with I’m sure, I’m not sure, perhaps, etc.
- I hope they will arrive soon.
- I don’t think they‘ll win.
- I’m sure you‘ll be fine.
- Perhaps I‘ll be late.
We use will for promises or refusals.
- I will lend her the money.
- I won’t help you.
We use will when we make decisions at the moment of speaking (instant decisions).
- A: There’s no milk in the fridge. B: I’ll go to the shop to buy some more.
- A: This box is very heavy. B: Don’t worry. I’ll help you.
Shall I…? Shall we…?
We use Shall I…? or I’ll when we offer to do things for other people.
- Shall I make some coffee? (=Do you want me to make coffee?)
- I‘ll make some coffee.
We use Shall we…? to suggest doing something.
- Shall we go to the cinema? (=Do you want to go to the cinema?)
Have to/don’t have to
Use do and did in negatives and questions
The verb have in have to is not an auxiliary verb. Use do/don’t, does/doesn’t, did/didn’t in questions and negative sentences in present and past.
- Have you to get up early tomorrow?
- Do you have to get up early tomorrow?
- Did you have to buy a new sound card?
- We don’t have to stay until the end.
No contraction
The verb have in have to cannot be contracted to ‘ve.
- I‘ve to study for the exam tomorrow.
- I have to study for the exam tomorrow.
Past and future forms
Only have to has a past and a future form. Must does not have a past or a future form.
- Yesterday, I must take a taxi.
- Yesterday, I had to take a taxi.
- You will must take a taxi if it rains tomorrow.
- You will have to take a taxi if it rains tomorrow.
Have to
Rules and obligations
We use have to to talk about rules and obligations, something that is necessary.
- I have to get to work before 7 tomorrow.
- The car broke down and we had to call a taxi.
External obligation
We normally use have to when there’s an external obligation. The obligation doesn’t come from the speaker’s opinion; another person thinks it’s necessary.
- WORKER: We have to get up early tomorrow. The meeting is at nine. (=The obligation comes from the manager, not from the worker.)
- SMOKER: I have to stop smoking. (=It’s the doctor’s opinion, not the smoker’s opinion. The doctor thinks it’s necessary.)
Don’t have to
Don’t need to – not necessary
If you don’t have to do something, it means that you ‘don’t need to’ do something (there is no obligation). You can do it but you don’t need to do it if you don’t want to do it.
- You don’t have to pick me up at the station. I can take a taxi. (=You can pick me up, but you don’t need to do it).
Should, shouldn’t – Form
The same form for all persons
The form of should is the same for all persons:
- I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they should see a specialist.
Should(n’t) + infinitive
Should is a modal verb, and all modal verbs are followed by an infinitive (without to).
- You should to listen to me.
- You should listen to me.
Should not= shouldn’t
The negative form of should is should not or shouldn’t.
- You should not be here. = You shouldn’t be here.
Questions
To ask questions, we use should + subject + infinitive. We don’t use the verb do to ask questions.
- Do we should call him?
- Should we call him?
Should, shouldn’t – Use
Giving advice
We use should or shouldn’t to give somebody advice and to say what is or isn’t the right thing to do.
- You look tired. You should have some rest.
- He shouldn’t drive so fast. He’ll have an accident one day.
I think you should …
We often say I think … should … to give somebody advice.
- I think you should buy a new pair of shoes for the party.
- I think we should go home; it’s very late.
Note that in a negative sentence, we often say I don’t think… should… (NOT I think… shouldn’t…)
- I think you shouldn’t call her now; she’s very upset.
- I don’t think you should call her now; she’s very upset.
We often say Do you think … should … to ask for advice.
- Do you think I should look for another apartment?
Ought to, ought not to
We can also use ought to instead of should and ought not to instead of shouldn’t.
- You ought to have some rest.
- He ought not to drive so fast.
-ed/-ing adjectives
A lot of adjectives are made from verbs by adding -ing or -ed. They are called participial adjectives they take the forms of the present (-ing) and past participle (-ed) of the verb.
-ed adjectives
-ed adjectives are used to describe how we feel. Look at the following examples:
- We’re tired. Can we stop running?
- I’m bored. Let’s play cards.
- I was surprised to see her.
-ing adjectives
-ing adjectives are used to talk about the things that produce these feelings. Check the examples below:
- Running is very tiring. We don’t want to run.
- This film is very boring. Let’s play cards.
- Her visit was very surprising. We weren’t expecting her.
