Μάθημα : ΑΓΓΛΙΚΑ Γ΄ΓΥΜΝΑΣΙΟΥ

First conditional 

If clause and main clause

All conditional sentences have two parts: the if clause and the main clause. It doesn’t matter which clause comes first, but when the if clause comes first, we should put a comma after it.

• If it rains, we’ll stay home
• We’ll stay home if it rains.

If + present, future

In the first conditional, the verb in the if clause is present, and the verb in the main clause is future.

• If you don’t go to sleep, you’ll be very tired tomorrow.

The if clause may have a present or a future meaning, but the verb is always in the present (NOT future)

• If you will be a good boy tomorrow, mummy will buy you a present. 
• If you are a good boy tomorrow, mummy will buy you a present. 

Main clause: will, modal verb, imperative

In the main clause, we can also use may, might, can, must, should instead of will.

• If he doesn’t train harder, he may/might lose the championship.
• If your room is tidy, you can leave.
• If you want to lose weight, you must/should eat less sugary things.

We can also use an imperative instead of will.

• If you arrive after midnight, ring me on my mobile.

Future time clauses 

When, as soon as, before, after, until

When we use a verb after when, as soon as, before, after or until to talk about the future, we have to use this verb in the present tense (NOT future). We use the future in the other part of the sentence.

• I’ll retire when I will be 70. 
• I’ll retire when I‘m 70. 
• I won’t call you until I will arrive. 
• I won’t call you until I arrive. 

Similar to the first conditional

Future time clauses are similar to the first conditional. There’s a main clause and a when/after/etc. clause. We use the verbs in these clauses like in the first conditional.

We use a comma when the when/after/etc. clause is at the beginning of the sentence. But we don’t use a comma if the when/after/etc. clause is at the end of the sentence.

• I’ll retire when I’m 70. 
• When I’m 70, I’ll retire. 

We use the present in the when/after/etc. clause, and we use the future in the main clause.

• Before you go to sleep, Daddy will tell you a story. 

In the main clause, we can also use may, might, can, must, should or an imperative instead of will.

• As soon as you finish, you can leave. 
• After you arrive, call me.

Second conditional 

If clause and main clause

We use if + past to talk about an imaginary present or future situation (although the verb is in the past, the meaning is present or future). And we use would + infinitive to talk about the result or consequence of that imaginary situation.

• If we had a mansion in the country, we’d go there every weekend. 
• Would you travel around the world if you won the lottery?

Comma

When the if clause comes first, we usually put a comma after it. We don’t use a comma when the main clause comes first and the if clause comes second.

• If I won the lottery, I’d buy a mansion.
• I’d buy a mansion if I won the lottery. 

Would

Would/wouldn’t is the same for all persons.

• I/you/he/she/it/we/they would/wouldn’t do that if it was possible. 

Contracted forms are wouldn’t= would not and ‘d= would

• I‘d never tell anyone if you told me your secret. 
• I wouldn’t tell anyone if you told me your secret. 

Could

We can often use could + infinitive instead of would + infinitive in the main clause.

• If you spoke English, you could get a better job.

Was or were?

In the second conditional, we can use if I/he/she/it were (more formal) instead of if I/he/she/it was (spoken English).

• If I were/was fit, I would run a marathon.
• We wouldn’t have any problems if he were/was more reasonable.

But we use were (NOT was) when we give advice with the expression if I were you.

• If I were you, I would stay home and rest.
• I wouldn’t pay any attention to what he says if I were you.

First conditional vs second conditional

We use the first conditional to talk about possible future situations and the second conditional to talk about hypothetical or imaginary future situations.

• If I don’t have a meeting tomorrow morning, I’ll have lunch with you. (It’s possible. Maybe I don’t have a meeting.)
• If I didn’t have a meeting tomorrow morning, I’d have lunch with you. (It’s hypothetical. I have a meeting tomorrow, so I won’t be able to have lunch with you.)

Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence, who brings forth the fruits of the earth, particularly the various grains. She taught mankind the art of sowing and ploughing so they could end their nomadic existence. As such, Demeter was also the goddess of planned society. She was very popular with the rural population. As a fertility goddess she is sometimes identified with Rhea and Gaia.
Cybele embodies the fertile earth, a goddess of caverns and mountains, walls and fortresses, nature, wild animals (especially lions and bees)
Geb was worshipped in lower Egypt as the earth god. Geb was depicted as a bearded man with a goose on his head. He was the provider of crops and a healer. Egyptian people believed that Geb's laughter caused earthquakes.
Citlalicue, from Aztec mythology, whose name means "Serpent Skirt," was the Earth goddess of life and death. She created the stars along with her husband. Citlalicue had a horrible appearance. She was depicted as a woman wearing a skirt of snakes and a necklace of hearts torn from victims.
Lono, in Hawaiian mythology, is a fertility and music god who descended to Earth on a rainbow to marry Laka. In agricultural and planting traditions, Lono was identified with rain and food plants. He was one of the four gods (with Ku, Kane, and his twin brother Kanaloa) who existed before the world was created. Lono was also the god of peace.

Greek - Roman
Zeus - Jupiter
Artemis - Diana
Aphrodite - Venus
Ares - Mars
Nike - Victoria
Tyche - Fortuna

Thor is the Norse god of thunder. He is a son of Odin and Jord, and one of the most powerful gods. He is married to Sif, a fertility goddess. Thor is helped by Thialfi, his servant and the messenger of the gods. Thor was usually portrayed as a large,
powerful man with a red beard and eyes of lightning. Despite his ferocious appearance, he was very popular as the protector of both gods and humans against the forces of evil.

Perseus was the son of Danae. She was the only daughter of Acrisius, King of Argos. Disappointed by his lack of male heirs, Acrisius consulted the oracle at Delphi, who warned him that although destined to remain without a son himself, he would one day be killed by his daughter's child. Danae was childless and to keep her so, he shut her up in a bronze chamber underground.
Midas was king of Phrygia in the late eighth century BC; he could transform everything he touched to gold.
Pandora, in Greek mythology, was the first woman, fashioned by Zeus as part of the punishment of mankind for Prometheus' theft of the secret of fire. According to the myth, Pandora opened a container releasing all the miseries of mankind-greed, vanity, slander, envy, pining-leaving only hope inside.
Finn McCool was a mythical hunter-warrior of Irish mythology.
King Arthur if he existed, his power base would probably have been in the Wales, Cornwall, Northern England and Southern Scotland.

Nouns ending in -ment

• Achievement
• Agreement
• Assignment
• Commitment
• Development
• Disappointment
• Encouragement
• Entertainment
• Establishment
• Improvement
• Investment
• Management
• Punishment
• Retirement
• Treatment

Adjectives ending in -ic

• Academic
• Athletic
• Automatic
• Basic
• Classic
• Comic
• Dynamic
• Electric
• Energetic
• Enthusiastic
• Fantastic
• Futuristic
• Genetic
• Heroic
• Historic